Form
Form is the framework in which the music is cast. It is the path along which the composition is expected to progress. By studying the form, we can consider how the composer has followed the framework or perhaps deviated from it. A composer can send a strong message through his use of form. A good example of this is Tchaikovsky’s Sixth Symphony. A symphony usually has a brilliant upbeat finale, but here it is the second-last movement that is brilliant and bright; the last movement is introvert and melancholic, as if Tchaikovsky were depicting what happens behind closed curtains after the triumphant finale.
Form in the Renaissance era
Renaissance composers were often inspired by nature. There was a clear division into sacred music (e.g. mass, motet) and secular music (e.g. chanson, madrigal). Music followed the aesthetics of balance, which favoured pure and consonant harmonies. There are no large leaps; melodic movements are steady, and every motion is balanced with motion in the opposite direction.
Form in the Baroque era
The Baroque era was the origin of many types of musical work, or genres, that remain with us today: opera, prelude, fugue, partita, overture, cantata, oratorio, passion, concerto, sonata and aria. Ballet developed when courtly dances turned into a performance art instead of social participation. Although many of the genre names we know today emerged in the Baroque era, their meanings were not yet standardised. For instance, the oratorio Messiah by Handel (1685–1759) begins with a movement titled ‘Sinfonia’, although today we would call it an overture.
For in the Classical era
In the Classical era, form was of paramount importance in music. This was a scientific era, and the theory of music also developed. Genres such as the symphony and the concerto, and more generally the structural principle known as the sonata form, acquired their modern shape. In the shaping of melodies, principal and secondary subjects had their own ideal forms. Perfection of form was associated with beauty in this age of reason, and this approach manifested itself in all culture.
Form in the Romantic era
Orchestral works became larger and more complex. Symphonic works could be many times longer and written for an orchestra far larger than in the Classical era. Through-composed works began to appear alongside standardised forms, and new genres included the tone poem, Lied and miniature forms such as bagatelle, elegy, nocturne and impromptu.
Form in Impressionism
There are no principal or secondary subjects in this music, and no musical development as in the Classical and Romantic eras. Symmetrical structures and voice-leading rules were also abandoned. The music often consists of tiny fragments and motifs that are much repeated.
Form in Expressionism
“Consider what moderation is required to express oneself so briefly. You can stretch out every glance into a poem, every sigh into a novel. But to express a novel in a single gesture, a joy in a breath – such concentration can only be present in proportion to the absence of self-pity.” –Arnold Schönberg, after hearing the Six Bagatelles op. 9 (1913) of Anton Webern, whose total duration is only 3’30”.
Form in the modern era
A composer determines the form of the music freely, selecting existing templates or consciously avoiding them. Very free elements often require a well-defined form in order to work well. Technology has expanded the concept of form to include the spatial dimension. Some of the form of a composition may be determined by which direction a sound is heard from and what the spatial impression created by the work is.